Skoltech researchers and their colleagues from HSE University and York University have presented an extensive dataset of indices derived from ultrasonography scans of three major arteries that supply blood to the brain. The sample consists of 821 participants, most of them attending regular public schools, which is particularly valuable as most of the prior studies dealt either with other age groups or with sick children. The team hopes the new data will serve as a useful reference for clinicians and prompt new developmental, social, and other research. For their part, the authors of the study in PLOS One have already trained a machine learning model to tell a child’s age based on ultrasonography indices, proving they can be used to make meaningful predictions.
While ultrasound studies rely on standard medical equipment — like that used in routine tests of pregnant women — an ultrasound exam of arteries that supply the brain with blood is not something an individual without very specific medical indications will normally do. Particularly not at a young age.
“Ultrasonography studies are more prevalent with older adults, and most studies with children focus on patients with neurodevelopmental disorders. Our investigation was founded on basic research questions that address differences between age groups, genders, arteries, and brain hemispheres. Specifically, we adopted a developmental perspective because ultimately children’s maturation is linked to their performance such as their school grades,” commented the study’s first author, Marie Arsalidou, an associate professor at HSE University and adjunct professor at York University.
Figure 1. Black dots indicate the spots on the middle cerebral, internal carotid, and vertebral arteries where ultrasonography measurements were made. Measurements were made symmetrically from both hemispheres. The ultrasound indices revealed artery diameter and local blood flow velocity — these are the two primary values used in subsequent calculations. Credit: Marie Arsalidou et al./PLOS One
The data are organized by age group and gender, and researchers and clinicians may use them as a developmental reference. For example, a clinician can tell if a child’s ultrasonography indices are average for their age or somewhat unusual. Furthermore, the dataset could also someday contribute to advanced decision-support systems powered by artificial intelligence that can benefit the medical profession.
To confirm that ultrasonography can actually serve as the basis for meaningful predictions, the team built machine learning models that guess a child’s age based on information derived from their ultrasounds, such as blood flow velocity and blood vessel diameter. Now, the researchers are planning to create models attempting more sophisticated predictions, particularly of children’s cognitive abilities.
Senior Research Scientist Maxim Sharaev, who led the team from Skoltech, added: “Another line of research made possible by the new data would be to interpret model predictions. For example, with our age prediction model, we found the indices of boys and girls to be very similar. The differences were mostly between the two hemispheres. We also identified developmental targets that we need to examine further, as some age groups exhibited differences between hemispheres that were greater than those between other age groups.”
The machine learning models devised in the study are not only useful because they show that such predictions are possible, the findings also point to which aspects of the data are more important in those predictions. “We can identify which features contributed the most to the model’s prediction and investigate them as potential biomarkers. If tests on independently collected data then confirm those biomarkers to be indicative of pathology or other significant traits, they can be used to guide clinical decisions and build better neural models,” Sharaev concluded.
The authors of the study reported in this story acknowledge the support of the Russian Science Foundation under Grant No. 17-18-01047 provided to Marie Arsalidou, and from the Analytical Center for the Government of the Russian Federation financing part of the work on machine learning model application under subsidy agreement 000000D730321P5Q0002, Grant No. 70-2021-00145 of Nov. 2, 2021.
The researchers express their gratitude to educators, parents, and especially all the children who participated in the study.
Contact information:
Skoltech Communications
+7 (495) 280 14 81
